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National Coverage Determinations

Throughout the year, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) may release National Coverage Determinations (NCDs). NCDs inform Medicare beneficiaries of new services or therapies that are covered or a change in coverage under Original Medicare.

If a newly released NCD impacts services covered by your Aspire Health Plan, we will post it here:

Acupuncture for Chronic Lower Back Pain

General

Acupuncture is the selection and manipulation of specific acupuncture points by a variety of needling and non-needling techniques.

Indications and Limitations of Coverage

Nationally Covered Indications

Effective for services performed on or after January 21, 2020, CMS will cover acupuncture for Medicare patients with chronic Lower Back Pain (cLBP.) Up to 12 visits in 90 days are covered for Medicare beneficiaries under the following circumstance:

For the purpose of this decision, cLBP is defined as:
- Lasting 12 weeks or longer;
- nonspecific, in that it has no identifiable systemic cause (i.e., not associated with metastatic, inflammatory, infectious, etc. disease);
- not associated with surgery; and,
- not associated with pregnancy.
- An additional 8 sessions will be covered for those patients demonstrating an improvement.
No more than 20 acupuncture treatments may be administered annually
Treatment must be discontinued if the patient is not improving or is regressing.

Physicians (as defined in 1861(r)(1) of the Social Security Act (the Act) may furnish acupuncture in accordance with applicable state requirements.

Physician assistants (PAs), nurse practitioners (NPs)/clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) (as identified in 1861(aa)(5) of the Act), and auxiliary personnel may furnish acupuncture if they meet all applicable state requirements and have:

a masters or doctoral level degree in acupuncture or Oriental Medicine from a school accredited by the Accreditation Commission on Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (ACAOM); and,
a current, full, active, and unrestricted license to practice acupuncture in a State, Territory, or Commonwealth (i.e. Puerto Rico) of the United States, or District of Columbia.

Auxiliary personnel furnishing acupuncture must be under the appropriate level of supervision of a physician, PA, or NP/CNS required by our regulations at 42 CFR §§ 410.26 and 410.27.

Nationally Non-Covered Indications

All types of acupuncture including dry needling for any condition other than cLBP are non-covered by Medicare.

Other

N/A

(This NCD last reviewed January 2020.)

Implantable Automatic Defibrillators

General

An ICD is an electronic device designed to diagnose and treat life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

Indications and Limitations of Coverage

Nationally Covered Indications

Effective for services performed on or after February 15, 2018, CMS has determined that the evidence is sufficient to conclude that the use of ICDs, (also referred to as defibrillators) is reasonable and necessary:

Patients with a personal history of sustained Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia (VT) or cardiac arrest due to Ventricular Fibrillation (VF). Patients must have demonstrated:

- An episode of sustained VT, either spontaneous or induced by an Electrophysiology (EP) study, not associated with an acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) and not due to a transient or reversible cause; or
- An episode of cardiac arrest due to VF, not due to a transient or reversible cause.

Patients with a prior MI and a measured Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) ≤ 0.30. Patients must not have:

- New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification IV heart failure; or,
- Had a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG), or Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) with angioplasty and/or stenting, within the past three (3) months; or,
- Had an MI within the past 40 days; or,
- Clinical symptoms and findings that would make them a candidate for coronary revascularization.
- For these patients identified in B2, a formal shared decision making encounter must occur between the patient and a physician (as defined in Section 1861(r)(1) of the Social Security Act (the Act))or qualified non-physician practitioner (meaning a physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist as defined in §1861(aa)(5) of the Act) using an evidence-based decision tool on ICDs prior to initial ICD implantation. The shared decision making encounter may occur at a separate visit.

Patients who have severe, ischemic, dilated cardiomyopathy but no personal history of sustained VT or cardiac arrest due to VF, and have NYHA Class II or III heart failure, LVEF ≤ 35%. Additionally, patients must not have:

- Had a CABG, or PCI with angioplasty and/or stenting, within the past three (3) months; or,
- Had an MI within the past 40 days; or,
- Clinical symptoms and findings that would make them a candidate for coronary revascularization.
- For these patients identified in B3, a formal shared decision making encounter must occur between the patient and a physician (as defined in Section 1861(r)(1) of the Act or qualified non-physician practitioner (meaning a physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist as defined in §1861(aa)(5) of the Act) using an evidence-based decision tool on ICDs prior to initial ICD implantation. The shared decision making encounter may occur at a separate visit.

Patients who have severe, non-ischemic, dilated cardiomyopathy but no personal history of cardiac arrest or sustained VT, NYHA Class II or III heart failure, LVEF ≤ 35%, been on optimal medical therapy for at least three (3) months. Additionally, patients must not have:

- Had a CABG or PCI with angioplasty and/or stenting, within the past three (3) months; or,
- Had an MI within the past 40 days; or,
- Clinical symptoms and findings that would make them a candidate for coronary revascularization.
- For these patients identified in B4, a formal shared decision making encounter must occur between the patient and a physician (as defined in Section 1861(r)(1) of the Act) or qualified non-physician practitioner (meaning a physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist as defined in §1861(aa)(5) of the Act) using an evidence-based decision tool on ICDs prior to initial ICD implantation. The shared decision making encounter may occur at a separate visit.

Patients with documented, familial or genetic disorders with a high risk of life-threatening tachyarrhythmias (sustained VT or VF, to include, but not limited to, long QT syndrome or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. For these patients identified in B5, a formal shared decision making encounter must occur between the patient and a physician (as defined in Section 1861(r)(1) of the Act) or qualified non-physician practitioner (meaning a physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist as defined in §1861(aa)(5) of the Act) using an evidence-based decision tool on ICDs prior to initial ICD implantation. The shared decision making encounter may occur at a separate visit.

Patients with an existing ICD may receive an ICD replacement if it is required due to the end of battery life, Elective Replacement Indicator (ERI), or device/lead malfunction. For each of the six (6) covered indications above, the following additional criteria must also be met:

1. Patients must be clinically stable (e.g., not in shock, from any etiology);
2. LVEF must be measured by echocardiography, radionuclide (nuclear medicine) imaging, cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), or catheter angiography;
3. Patients must not have:

- - Significant, irreversible brain damage; or,
  - Any disease, other than cardiac disease (e.g., cancer, renal failure, liver failure) associated with a likelihood of survival less than one (1) year; or,
  - Supraventricular tachycardia such as atrial fibrillation with a poorly controlled ventricular rate.

Exceptions to waiting periods for patients that have had a CABG, or PCI with angioplasty and/or stenting, within the past three (3) months, or had an MI within the past 40 days:

Cardiac Pacemakers: Patients who meet all CMS coverage requirements for cardiac pacemakers, and who meet the criteria in this national coverage determination for an ICD, may receive the combined devices in one procedure, at the time the pacemaker is clinically indicated;

Replacement of ICDs: Patients with an existing ICD may receive an ICD replacement if it is required due to the end of battery life, ERI, or device/lead malfunction.

Nationally Non-Covered Indications

N/A

Other

For patients that are candidates for heart transplantation on the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) transplant list awaiting a donor heart, coverage of ICDs, as with cardiac resynchronization therapy, as a bridge-to-transplant to prolong survival until a donor becomes available, is determined by the local Medicare Administrative Contractors (MACs).

All other indications for ICDs not currently covered in accordance with this decision may be covered under Category B Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) trials (42 CFR 405.201).

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)

General

Clinical laboratory diagnostic tests can include tests that, for example, predict the risk associated with one or more genetic variations. In addition, in vitro companion diagnostic laboratory tests provide a report of test results of genetic variations and are essential for the safe and effective use of a corresponding therapeutic product. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is one technique that can measure one or more genetic variations as a laboratory diagnostic test, such as when used as a companion in vitro diagnostic test.

Patients with cancer can have recurrent, relapsed, refractory, metastatic, and/or advanced stages III or IV of cancer. Clinical studies show that genetic variations in a patient’s cancer can, in concert with clinical factors, predict how each individual responds to specific treatments.

In application, a report of results of a diagnostic laboratory test using NGS (i.e., information on the cancer’s genetic variations) can contribute to predicting a patient’s response to a given drug: good, bad, or none at all. Applications of NGS to predict a patient’s response to treatment occurs ideally prior to initiation of such treatment.

Indications and Limitations of Coverage

Nationally Covered Indications

Effective for services performed on or after March 16, 2018, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has determined that Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) as a diagnostic laboratory test is reasonable and necessary and covered nationally, when performed in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified laboratory, when ordered by a treating physician, and when all of the following requirements are met:

Patient has:

- either recurrent, relapsed, refractory, metastatic, or advanced stage III or IV cancer; and,
- either not been previously tested using the same NGS test for the same primary diagnosis of cancer, or repeat testing using the same NGS test only when a new primary cancer diagnosis is made by the treating physician; and decided to seek further cancer treatment (e.g., therapeutic chemotherapy).

The diagnostic laboratory test using NGS must have:

- Food & Drug Administration (FDA) approval or clearance as a companion in vitro diagnostic; and,
- an FDA-approved or -cleared indication for use in that patient’s cancer; and, results provided to the treating physician for management of the patient using a report template to specify treatment options.

Nationally Non-Covered

Effective for services performed on or after March 16, 2018, NGS as a diagnostic laboratory test for patients with cancer are non-covered if the cancer patient does not meet the criteria noted in section B.1. above.

Other

Effective for services performed on or after March 16, 2018, Medicare Administrative Contractors (MACs) may determine coverage of other NGS as a diagnostic laboratory test for patients with cancer only when the test is performed in a CLIA-certified laboratory, ordered by a treating physician, and the patient has:

- either recurrent, relapsed, refractory, metastatic, or advanced stages III or IV cancer; and,
- either not been previously tested using the same NGS test for the same primary diagnosis of cancer or repeat testing using the same NGS test was performed only when a new primary cancer diagnosis is made by the treating physician; and, decided to seek further cancer treatment (e.g., therapeutic chemotherapy).

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